Ballerina ORM

Raw SQL

For specialized use cases, you can execute raw SQL through the ORM client.

rawQuery()

ballerina
stream<record {}, error?>|error result = db.rawQuery(
    "SELECT * FROM users WHERE created_at > ? ORDER BY email",
    ["2026-01-01"]
);

if result is stream<record {}, error?> {
    record {}[] rows = check from var row in result select row;
}

rawExecute()

ballerina
int|error affected = db.rawExecute(
    "UPDATE users SET status = ? WHERE id = ?",
    ["ACTIVE", 101]
);

Parameterization guidance

  • never concatenate untrusted input into SQL text
  • always pass values via params arrays
  • prefer query builder for routine CRUD and filtering

Next step

Move to Annotations Reference.